A horse-race across country or on a made course with artificial fences, water-jumps, and other obstacles. Formerly, a race having a church steeple in view as goal, in which all intervening obstacles had to be cleared
[OED]

The part of a passenger ship allotted to those passengers who travel at the cheapest rate. Usually on a lower deck [i] Often placing hundreds together in a single large hold [ii]
References:
[i] OED
[ii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steerage

Staith : A landing-stage, wharf; esp. a waterside depôt for coals brought from the collieries for shipment, furnished with staging and shoots for loading vessels. [OED]

George Stephenson 1871-1848 Railway engineer and inventor

He began work in the mine his father worked at. He gained a reputation for managing the primitive steam engines employed in mines, and worked in a number of different coalmines in the northeast of England and in Scotland. He is best known for building the locomotive the Rocket for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway 

References:
BBC History website http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stephenson_george.shtml

Any attendant who waits upon the passengers, often with defining word indicating rank or special function, as bath-, cabin-, deck-, table-steward; captain's steward, chief steward, paymaster's steward, etc. [OED]

A measure of length for cloth, esp. for cloth imported from Flanders, equal to approximately three-quarters of a yard. [OED]

This seems to be a slight variation on "like bricks" meaning with great force or violence; very vigorously; (hence) with great enthusiasm [OED].  The meaning here seems to be "immovably".

Stirk: A sturdy young man (figurative from a steer or bullock) [Dictionary of the Scots Language]

The framework on which a ship or boat is supported while in process of construction [OED]

A sweet-scented flowering plant often grown in cottage gardens. [CPB]

In modern British use the application of the word is narrowed; the subscribed capital of a public company is called shares when it is divided into portions of uniform amount, and stock when any desired amount may be bought or sold.

Stoker: One who feeds and tends a furnace [OED]

The fireman. Employed to tend the fire.

Small lumps of indigo and starch [Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluing_(fabric)] used to combat yellowing, and hence preserve the whiteness of garments and fabrics in laundering, by adding a slight tint of blue [OED]. 

Stood - to stand - to pay for others;  especially alcoholic drink

A sheep, steer, cow or pig acquired or kept for fattening. [OED]

Probably a panel from the rear of the cab roof to the front of the tender* to provide protection from the wind and to prevent coal dust being blown into the cab. 

* A carriage specially constructed to carry fuel and water for a locomotive engine, to the rear of which it is attached.

Reference:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_(rail) [accessed 24Sep2019]

stot: A young castrated ox, a steer [OED]

Stout:-  a strong variety of porter. [OED]